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Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of phonological awareness skills, such as distinguishing word syllables.
- Demonstrate knowledge of phonemic awareness skills, such as segmenting and blending the component sounds of a word.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the concepts of print and the alphabetic principle.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the role of phonics in promoting reading development.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the role of fluency in reading development, the components of fluency, and the factors that influence fluency.
Sample Item:
A reader would apply knowledge of consonant digraphs when decoding which of the following
groups of words?
- ear, clear, near
- quick, quit, quiz
- change, shop, think
- fame, game, name
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
C. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the
role of phonics, including the identification of particular letter groups, in promoting
reading development. The words change, shop, and think all contain pairs of letters
called consonant digraphs (ch, sh, th).
Descriptive Statements:
- Use knowledge of syntactic rules and word structure and contextual analysis skills to help identify word meanings.
- Determine the denotative and connotative meanings of words and phrases, including the meanings of synonyms and antonyms.
- Recognize factors that influence vocabulary development, such as promoting word consciousness and wide reading.
- Recognize factors that influence reading comprehension, such as vocabulary and reading rate.
- Recognize an appropriate reading strategy to use for a particular text and purpose.
- Recognize appropriate research-based reading comprehension strategies to use before, during, and after reading.
- Recognize appropriate oral and written language activities to use to enhance reading comprehension.
- Demonstrate knowledge of literal and inferential reading comprehension skills.
Sample Item:
Which of the following strategies would be most effective for a reader to use to identify
the meanings of the words below?
- invisible
- irrelevant
- disapprove
- misleading
- unstable
- applying knowledge of base words and prefixes
- recognizing letter-sound correspondences in the words
- distinguishing onsets and rimes in the words
- applying knowledge of Latin and Greek word roots
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. This question requires the examinee to use knowledge of word
structure, such as the use of prefixes and suffixes, to help identify word meanings.
The words invisible, irrelevant, disapprove, and unstable are formed from prefixes
that mean "not" (in-, ir-, un-) or "do the opposite of" (dis-) and base words (visible,
relevant, approve, stable). The word misleading is formed with a prefix (mis-) that
means "bad" or "wrong," a base word (lead), and a suffix (-ing) used to form an adjective.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze concepts, themes, and vocabulary that recur in multiple subject areas in various contexts.
- Examine how the same vocabulary is used in multiple subject areas in various contexts to denote and connote similar and different meanings.
- Examine how similes, metaphors, and analogies are used to compare and contrast concepts and themes in texts from multiple subject areas.
- Examine how familiar concepts and themes from one subject area are used to enhance comprehension of unfamiliar concepts and themes from other subject areas.
- Examine how familiar organizational structures and stylistic features of texts from one subject area are used to enhance comprehension of texts used in other subject areas.
Sample Item:
Which of the following astronomical terms could best be used metaphorically to describe
the economic occurrence of fluctuations in consumer demand?
- reflecting and refracting
- synchronous rotation
- retrograde motion
- waxing and waning
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to examine how metaphors are used
to compare and contrast concepts from multiple subject areas. In the field of astronomy,
the expression "waxing and waning" refers to phases of increasing and decreasing
illuminative intensity, especially with regard to the moon. The same expression can
be used metaphorically in the field of economics to describe increasing and decreasing
consumer demand.
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