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Descriptive Statements:
- Examine the origins, major developments, significant individuals, and consequences of the European Renaissance.
- Analyze the causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation, including the role of leading reformers, the response of the Catholic Church, and the religious wars of the sixteenth century.
- Analyze European expansion between 1450 and 1750, including the factors that encouraged European exploration and conquest and the impact of European colonization on Europeans and the indigenous societies they encountered.
- Examine patterns of continuity and change among major civilizations of Asia and Africa between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, including the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires of Southwest Asia; the Ming and Qing dynasties of China; the Warring States and Tokugawa eras in Japan; Portuguese and Dutch penetration of southern Africa; and the growth and consequences of the transatlantic slave trade.
- Analyze major political developments in Europe, including the consolidation of nation-states, the growth of absolutism, and the emergence of parliamentary monarchy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major figures of the Scientific Revolution, including Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton, and the impact of their discoveries on the development of the modern world.
- Analyze central ideas of major thinkers of the European Enlightenment and their influence on events and developments in Europe and the Americas.
- Recognize chronological relationships between major global events and developments of the period.
Sample Item:
Which of the following best describes a major incentive for European exploration of the world during the late fifteenth century?
- the strategic advantage of introducing military forces into the Pacific
- the new markets to be created by establishing colonies outside of Europe
- the social benefits of settling excess population in the Americas
- the profits to be made by importing costly luxury goods from India and China
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D. This question requires the examinee to analyze European expansion between 1450 and 1750. Europeans launched their voyages of exploration in part to circumvent the Muslim monopoly on trade between the Indian Ocean and Europe. So great was the demand for scarce luxury goods such as spices, sugar, and silk from India and China that a single shipload was worth a fortune in European ports.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze the causes, major events, similarities, differences, and consequences of the American and French revolutions, including significant individuals and events in the wars for independence in Latin America.
- Evaluate economic, social, and political factors related to the emergence and spread of industrialization in Europe, including the role of Great Britain in the industrializing process; the growth of urban centers; the environmental impact; the transformation of family and social relations; and major technological innovations, economic theories, political responses, and social reforms of the industrial era.
- Examine major political developments, reform movements, and military conflicts in Europe during the nineteenth century, including the Napoleonic wars, the Congress of Vienna, the growth of liberalism, the Chartist movement in Great Britain, the revolutions of 1848, the Crimean War, the rise of nationalism, and Italian and German unification.
- Analyze major causes, events, developments, and consequences of European imperialism, including motives and justifications for the pursuit of colonial empires; the structure of colonial societies; rivalries and conflicts between colonial powers; and interactions between imperialist powers and the peoples of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
- Examine major political developments and military conflicts in East Asia during the period, including the Opium Wars, the Taiping Rebellion, the failure of reform in China, the Boxer Rebellion, the Meiji Restoration, and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894– to 1895.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major literary, artistic, intellectual, and scientific developments of the period in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
- Recognize chronological relationships between major global events and developments of the period.
Sample Item:
Simón Bolívar played which of the following roles in the Latin American wars of independence?
- He financed many of the early revolutionary organizations in Latin America.
- He organized and led an army that freed parts of South America from Spanish rule.
- He formed a union of independent states that extended from Mexico to Argentina.
- He secured vital military and economic aid from Spain's European adversaries.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
B. This question requires the examinee to analyze significant individuals and events in the wars for independence in Latin America. Simón Bolívar formed and commanded an army that defeated Spanish forces from Venezuela to Peru and ended Spain's efforts to retain its empire in the Americas.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze the origins, major events, and consequences of World War I1, including the prewar alliance system, nationalist tensions in the Balkans, strategies and tactics of the principal combatants, major battles of the war, the Treaty of Versailles, and the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires.
- Analyze major social and economic developments in Europe during the period, including changing patterns of leisure and consumption, the introduction of radio and film, post–World War I1 debt and reparations problems, German inflation, and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
- Examine events and developments related to major revolutionary movements of the early twentieth century, including the Mexican Revolution, the Chinese Revolution of 1911, the Russian Revolution, the creation of the Irish Free State, the rise of nationalism in Africa and Southeast Asia, and Indian resistance to British rule.
- Assess the causes, major events, and consequences of the rise of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in Russia, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan.
- Analyze the origins, major events, and consequences of World War II2, including Nazi and Japanese aggression, the Munich Conference, the Nazi-Soviet pact, major battles of the war, the Holocaust, the use of the atomic bomb, and the formation of the United Nations.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major literary, artistic, intellectual, and scientific developments of the period in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major world political figures of the first half of the twentieth century, including David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, V. I. Lenin, Sun Yat-sen, Mohandas Gandhi, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Leon Trotsky, Josef Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek.
- Recognize chronological relationships between major global events and developments of the period.
Sample Item:
Which of the following correctly lists two related events of the twentieth century in the order in which they occurred?
- 1. World War I1
2. the growth of European
imperialism
- 1. the Chinese civil war
2. the fall of the Qing dynasty
- 1. the Cold War
2. the Russian Revolution
- 1. the start of the Great Depression
2. the rise of Nazism in Germany
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to recognize chronological relationships between major global events and developments of the period. The Great Depression began in 1929, creating massive unemployment and economic distress. The economic hardships produced new recruits for the Nazi Party in Germany and led to Adolf Hitler's election as chancellor in 1933.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze the causes, major events, and consequences of the Cold War, including U.S.-Soviet differences concerning Eastern Europe, ideological confrontation, the Berlin Blockade, the creation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the nuclear arms race, détente, and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- Analyze major events, developments, and issues related to the process of decolonization in postwar Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, including the economic and political challenges faced by new nations.
- Analyze major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in Europe since World War II2, including postwar reconstruction; the establishment of democratic institutions in former fascist nations; the adoption of welfare-state reform programs; changing patterns of work, leisure, and gender relations; immigration and demographic change; and the creation of the European Union.
- Examine major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in East Asia, including the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the reconstruction of postwar Japan, and the economic emergence of South Korea and Taiwan.
- Assess patterns of change and stability in Latin America, including revolutions in Cuba, Chile, and Nicaragua; the persistence of traditional elites; the integration of Latin America into the world economy; and relations with the United States.
- Examine the causes and consequences of major regional conflicts in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas since World War II2.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major world political figures of the post–World War II2 era, such as Mao Zedong, Charles de Gaulle, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ho Chi Minh, Nikita Khruschev, Juan and Eva Perón, Golda Meir, Kwame Nkrumah, Fidel Castro, Margaret Thatcher, Nelson Mandela, and Mikhail Gorbachev.
- Analyze major global challenges of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, including environmental degradation, terrorism, human rights abuses, limited natural resource supplies, and economic imbalances and social inequalities among the world's peoples.
- Demonstrate knowledge of major literary, artistic, intellectual, and scientific developments of the period in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
- Recognize chronological relationships between major global events and developments of the period.
Sample Item:
The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1965– to 1976) can best be described as:
- a religious movement to revive ancient Confucian values in China.
- a popular movement to modernize the Chinese economy.
- a political movement to revitalize the communist revolution in China.
- a nationalist movement to expand Chinese territory.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
C. This question requires the examinee to examine major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in East Asia. A central objective of leaders of the Chinese Cultural Revolution was to revive the original enthusiasm and spirit of the communist revolution by purging the nation of what Mao Zedong called the "Four Olds": old thoughts, old customs, old habits, and old culture.
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