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Descriptive Statements:
- Demonstrate knowledge of types and characteristics of chronic and communicable diseases.
- Identify causative factors, modes of transmission, and signs and symptoms of common illnesses, diseases, and disabling conditions.
- Apply the three levels of disease prevention to reducing the risks of chronic and communicable infections.
- Analyze personal, social, cultural, economic, and environmental risk factors that increase susceptibility to illness and disease.
- Demonstrate knowledge of types, characteristics, stages, modes of transmission, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
- Describe methods of health screening and early detection used by individuals, public schools, and medical professionals.
- Evaluate the effects of public policies, healthcare resources, medical research, and technology on the prevention and control of diseases.
Sample Item:
Autoimmune disorders can best be described as diseases in which:
- the antigen-antibody response attacks healthy cells in the body or fails to function altogether.
- weakened pathogens enter the blood before they are destroyed in the environment.
- acquired active immunity provided by vaccines fails to destroy disease-causing microorganisms.
- the body's early defense system fails to detect disease-causing pathogens.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of characteristics of diseases. Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, cause the body's immune system, which is designed to attack foreign substances in the body, to attack healthy cells and tissues instead. Since the immune system is unable to differentiate between antigens and normal tissues and cells at body sites, it sends antibodies to form immune complexes, which can circulate and cause tissue inflammation.
Descriptive Statements:
- Describe the relationship between healthy behaviors and the dimensions of wellness.
- Identify types, sources, and effects of stress and coping mechanisms related to stress.
- Identify warning signs and symptoms of mental disorders and resources and methods for obtaining assistance.
- Analyze the likelihood or potential severity of illness or injury that may result from engaging in unhealthy behaviors.
- Demonstrate knowledge of techniques, strategies, and activities designed to encourage children and adolescents to avoid high-risk behaviors.
- Demonstrate knowledge of factors that influence goal-setting and of decision-making skills used to reduce and prevent sexual health risks (e.g., dating violence, STIs).
- Differentiate between healthy and unhealthy dating relationships, and identify strategies and skills that maintain healthy relationships.
- Analyze the effects of addictive behaviors and substances on body systems and on personal growth and development.
- Demonstrate an understanding of influential risk factors for addictive behaviors.
- Identify issues, laws, and programs related to the use and abuse of addictive substances and behaviors.
Sample Item:
Which of the following processes is likely to be most effective for managing stress and worry that arise from pressures related to family, school, or work situations?
- Define the stress reaction as a problem, think of several concrete strategies to cope with the problem, and try out a few.
- Visualize the events that led to stress, then visualize an alternative positive version of events.
- Identify types or sources of stress that are even more challenging than those that tend to affect one personally.
- Use self-talk to acknowledge that everyone has innate weaknesses that allow stress to affect them.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
A. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for reducing risks to personal health by identifying coping mechanisms for managing stress. Using a systematic problem-solving process to manage stress prompts an individual to identify the source of stress and anxiety, define it as a problem, develop realistic ways of coping with anxious feelings or stressful situations (e.g., exercising, communicating assertively with a person who causes tension), and implement thoughtful and purposeful coping strategies.
Descriptive Statements:
- Identify the importance of interpersonal skills for supporting individual well-being and positive relationships with others.
- Demonstrate knowledge of how to use interpersonal communication skills to develop and maintain healthy relationships.
- Identify factors that contribute to developing, strengthening, and maintaining friendships and social support systems.
- Identify diverse structures of families, types of family roles and responsibilities, characteristics of healthy family relationships, and strategies for coping with dysfunctional families.
- Identify ways in which emotions affect interpersonal and family communication and techniques for expressing needs, desires, and feelings appropriately.
- Analyze causes and effects of positive and negative peer pressure, as well as techniques for resisting and responding to negative peer pressure.
- Identify appropriate strategies, responses, policies, and resources that children and adolescents can use to deal with harassment, bullying, and intimidation.
- Evaluate the consequences of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination; and identify strategies for promoting tolerance, respect, and understanding between and among individuals and groups.
- Identify concepts of family planning.
Sample Item:
Which of the following types of personal attributes is most likely to make a positive contribution to the development of healthy interpersonal communications?
- being able to rationalize and defend one's behavior and personal beliefs in difficult situations
- having an aptitude for making people feel that they are important and beyond reproach
- being able to express and reveal one's deepest emotions openly and without fear of judgment
- having the ability to listen to and demonstrate respect for the viewpoints of others
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to identify important factors that contribute to the development of healthy interpersonal relationships. Active listening is a key aspect of healthy interpersonal communication. Effective listeners try to understand the perspectives, thoughts, and feelings of others from what others communicate verbally and nonverbally. Attributes such as demonstrating respect for others' viewpoints and remaining open and willing to listen to and exchange ideas with others are essential for establishing and maintaining positive interpersonal communication and relationships.
Descriptive Statements:
- Identify unsafe situations in the home, school, and community and strategies for promoting safety awareness.
- Apply knowledge of principles, rules, and precautions related to traffic and pedestrian safety, fire prevention, water safety, and injury prevention.
- Identify perceptions and behaviors that lead to intentional and unintentional injuries among adolescents and strategies for reducing and preventing risk-taking behaviors.
- Demonstrate knowledge of strategies that children and adolescents can use to recognize and avoid potential risks and dangers at home, school, and in the community.
- Identify procedures for life-threatening respiratory and cardiac emergencies.
- Apply knowledge of principles and procedures for first aid and emergency medical care.
- Recognize sources of help and procedures for obtaining assistance in an emergency or crisis (e.g., severe weather, school violence, accidents).
Sample Item:
Which of the following procedures is the first step for dealing with a conscious individual who has swallowed a poison such as a pesticide or a detergent?
- Take the person to the emergency room.
- Call Poison Control.
- Give cold milk to neutralize the poison.
- Administer syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
B. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of emergency first-aid procedures. When an individual ingests a poison, the first step to take is to contact a Poison Control Center to describe who has swallowed the poison, what and how much was ingested, when the substance was ingested, and any symptoms that are occurring or have occurred (e.g., vomiting). Based on this information, Poison Control Center staff will recommend what to do next and how best to neutralize the poison. For example, an activated charcoal product might be recommended to treat the ingestion of a pesticide or detergent because activated charcoal binds to poisons and prevents their absorption into the bloodstream.
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