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Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze influences on health behaviors and strategies for making informed choices about personal, family, and community health.
- Identify methods of assessing personal health risks and the short- and long-term effects of safe, risky, and harmful behaviors.
- Identify strategies and steps for implementing healthy decisions to reduce and avoid health risks.
- Identify strategies for implementing and monitoring attainment of personal health goals.
- Analyze the causes and consequences of conflict in families, schools, and communities.
- Identify steps, techniques, and processes that children and adolescents can use to manage and resolve conflicts.
- Apply knowledge of strategies for improving and maintaining personal and family resources in relation to health, fitness, and physical activity (e.g., making time for family activities, assessing the costs and benefits of fitness equipment).
- Describe strategies and skills that children and adolescents can use to encourage and support peers and others in making positive health choices.
- Identify methods and resources for advocating for personal, family, and community health and ways in which individuals can contribute to the health of the community.
- Identify the principles and practices of cultural competency as it relates to student diversity.
Sample Item:
Which of the following introductory messages is likely to be most appropriate for a discussion about violence prevention with elementary students?
- "Sometimes it's hard to differentiate good-natured teasing from hurtful teasing or bullying, and this may lead to conflict."
- "Imagine that some day you will have a child. What kind of advice about avoiding violence would you give to your child?"
- "Conflicts happen, even between friends. It's important to stop little conflicts from turning into big fights, and there are some good rules for doing this."
- "People say that there is too much violence on television. They say it makes us less sensitive to real-life violence and encourages us to do violent things."
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
C. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of how to promote students' use of conflict-resolution and violence-prevention strategies and skills. The introductory message that emphasizes the importance of stopping little conflicts from turning into big fights is developmentally appropriate for elementary students and relevant in students' everyday lives. The message states that conflicts happen even between friends, reinforcing the idea of conflict as a normal part of life, but emphasizing that conflicts need to be managed proactively to prevent them from escalating into violence. The message also notes that there are some good rules for managing conflicts, providing an appropriate transition into class activities designed to promote students' knowledge of conflict-resolution and violence-prevention techniques.
Descriptive Statements:
- Apply knowledge of skills for researching, locating, and accessing valid health-related information, including Web-based information.
- Demonstrate the ability to analyze the accuracy, validity, reliability, and usefulness of health-related information.
- Identify criteria and procedures for evaluating and selecting health-related technology, equipment, products, and services.
- Apply knowledge of the roles of government (e.g., Healthy People, CDC, MyPyramid) and private agencies in providing health promotion and disease prevention services and information.
- Identify characteristics and roles of healthcare providers, agencies, and delivery systems and criteria for evaluating and selecting healthcare providers and insurance plans.
- Recognize laws, regulations, policies, and agencies that protect consumers of health-related products, programs, and services.
- Identify characteristics of community health resources and ways of accessing and using community resources to enhance health.
Sample Item:
An individual recently diagnosed with hypertension wants to learn more about exercise and diet strategies for managing the condition. Which of the following resources is likely to provide the most helpful and accurate information in this situation?
- local pharmacists
- Web sites sponsored by manufacturers of blood pressure medications
- neighbors and friends
- government-sponsored Web sites geared toward health consumers
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of principles and techniques for evaluating and selecting valid health-related information. Many government and educational Web sites for health consumers (e.g., Healthy People 2010, WebMD) provide comprehensive, objective, and accurate health-related information, as well as links to other reliable resources. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Office of the Surgeon General, and the National Institutes for Health are just a few examples of government organizations whose Web sites address appropriate exercise and nutritional strategies for managing hypertension.
Descriptive Statements:
- Analyze how attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors related to health are influenced by family, peers, and society.
- Describe how the school and community can support personal and family health practices and behaviors.
- Analyze the influence of sociocultural factors (e.g., ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation) on health beliefs and practices and how cultural diversity enriches and challenges health behaviors.
- Analyze ways in which various forms of media send mixed messages (e.g., about attractiveness, sexual activity, the use of addictive substances).
- Identify persuasive methods and techniques used in advertising and how to resist unhealthy messages.
- Analyze the effect of technology on personal, family, and community health.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the effects of environmental problems (e.g., community blight, pollution, global warming) on the health and safety of individuals and communities.
- Identify conservation principles and strategies for protecting the environment (e.g., conserving resources, reducing waste, recycling).
Sample Item:
Which of the following statements best describes how advertisers target adolescents and attract them to products that pose potential health risks?
- Television shows, movies, and magazines feature individuals who embody unrealistic standards of physical beauty.
- Advertisers pay television and film companies to place brand-name cosmetics prominently in scenes in shows and movies.
- Fast-food companies arrange promotions and toy tie-ins to coincide with the release of major motion pictures.
- Alcohol manufacturers place advertising in televised and live sporting events and in magazines with young readership.
Correct Response and Explanation (Show Correct ResponseHide Correct Response)
D. This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of media influences on personal health—in this case, the way in which advertisers try to attract adolescents to products that pose health risks. Even though adolescents cannot legally drink alcohol, manufacturers of alcoholic beverages target young people with much of their marketing, especially at sporting events that young people attend or watch on television and in music, entertainment, and sports magazines popular with young people. Alcohol advertising and marketing has a significant effect on youth attitudes and helps create an environment that promotes underage drinking. National studies have confirmed that adolescents who are exposed to alcohol advertisements and view them favorably are likely to have positive expectations about alcohol use.
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